11/19/2023 0 Comments Frog bone parts![]() In contrast to the hindlimbs, the forelimbs are generally considered to be conserved among frogs. Many burrowers, by contrast, show specializations of the pelvic girdle and hind-limbs thought to improve their burrowing ability ( Emerson, 1976). Pseudis and Lysapsus, aquatic hylids frogs, have ilio-sacral specializations related to their floating behaviour at the water surface ( Manzano & Barg, 2005). ![]() Pipid frogs, for example, are highly specialized aquatic frogs characterized by a sliding pelvis thought to enhance their swimming capacity ( Videler & Jorna, 1985). Despite this common body plan, diverse lifestyles have evolved among frogs including specialist aquatic, fossorial and arboreal species characterized by unique modes of locomotion ( Duellman & Trueb, 1986 Frost et al. This morphology was already present in the earliest fossils assigned to the Anura ( Shubin & Jenkins, 1995 Jenkins & Shubin, 1998). Stimulation experiments showed an increased control of digit flexion in the more specialized of the two species, allowing it to execute a precision grip paralleled only by that seen in primates.įrogs are characterized by a specialized morphology including a shortened trunk and tail, elongated ilia, and elongated hind limbs, all traits thought to be associated with their saltatory mode of life ( Gans & Parsons, 1966 Lutz & Rome, 1994 Shubin & Jenkins, 1995). Measurements of grasping forces in vivo and during stimulation experiments show that both species, are capable of executing a so-called power grip but also indicates marked differences between species, in the magnitude of forces generated. Electromyographic recordings show that the flexors of the hand are active during substrate contact, suggesting the use of gripping to generate a stabilizing torque. Analyses of high-speed video and video fluoroscopy recordings show that forelimbs are used in alternating fashion in a diagonal sequence footfall pattern and that the position of the hand is adjusted when walking on substrates of different diameters. Our data show a complex arrangement of the distal forelimb and hand musculature with some notable differences between species. Here we study the morphology and function of the forelimb and hand during locomotion in two species of arboreal frogs ( Litoria caerulea and Phyllomedusa bicolor). Yet, previous authors have noted versatility in forelimb function among arboreal frogs associated with feeding. Although variation in the form and function of the pelvic girdle and associated appendicular system related to specialized locomotor modes such as swimming or burrowing has been documented, the forelimbs have typically been viewed as relatively unspecialized. ![]() Frogs are characterized by a unique morphology associated with their saltatory lifestyle.
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